The model proposed by Jaak Panksepp (2011) describes the existence of seven primary motivational systems, deeply rooted in the subcortical structures of the brain. These systems, common to all mammals, underlie fundamental behaviors, emotional reactions, and the way we connect with others – contributing to both healthy development and the emergence of certain psychological vulnerabilities.
In adults living with ADHD, imbalances in the functioning of these systems can lead to difficulties that are often misunderstood as “lack of will” or “disorganization.” In fact, what is observed is the result of complex neurobiological processes that profoundly influence everyday experience:
- reduced motivation in the absence of external stimulation or immediate rewards,
persistent difficulties in regulating intense emotions, - the emergence of impulsive behaviors and
- increased reactivity, as well as challenges in maintaining stable relationships and adapting to the constant demands of professional life.
This perspective invites us not only to better understand the internal functioning of people with ADHD, but also to cultivate a therapeutic approach based on empathy, validation, and real support, beyond the symptom and the label.
|
No. |
Motivational system | The role played
in healthy functioning |
Common dysfunctions in adult ADHD |
| 1 | SEEKING
(Search, exploration, motivation) |
Activates curiosity, interest, initiative, learning
→ Dopamine |
Low motivation without external stimulation
Procrastination Difficulty initiating “boring” tasks |
| 2 | roar
(Anger, frustration, reaction to blockages) |
Defends personal boundaries, generates energy in the face of injustice
→ Amygdala, hypothalamus |
Increased irritability
Impulsive reactions Low frustration tolerance |
| 3 | FEAR
(Fear, avoidance) |
Protects from dangers, helps with caution and evaluation
→ Amygdala |
Avoiding tasks out of fear of failure
Performance anxiety Impulsive decision making |
| 4 | LUST
(Desire, intimate connection) |
Motivates physical and sexual closeness, intimacy | Sexual impulsivity or disinterest
Difficulties in stable emotional connection |
| 5 | WHICH
(Caring, empathy, attachment) |
Supports relationships, caring for others, attachment
→ Oxytocin, vasopressin |
Difficulty maintaining emotional attention
May seem distant or uninvolved |
| 6 | PANIC/GRIEF
(Separation anxiety, loss) |
Supports emotional connections, healthy grief after loss | Rejection sensitivity
Instability of emotional relationships Fear of abandonment |
| 7 | PLAYA
(Play, spontaneity, creativity) |
Allows for learning through play, social connection, stress reduction | Excessive need for stimulation
Easy distraction May seem immature or “frivolous” |